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πŸ“– Answering the "Heaven's IT Guy" Creationism Objections

Source: Watch on YouTube
Channel: Answerman
Generated: 2026-04-28 18:03:43

Overview​

This response addresses a short satirical video that uses an IT-support sketch to ridicule young Earth creationist positions β€” specifically the age of the Earth, the presence of dinosaurs in biblical history, flood geology, and Noah's Ark. While the video is framed as humor, every claim it makes has a serious answer grounded in Scripture, creation science research, and physical evidence. Mockery is not an argument. This article deals with each objection as if it were a real one, because the assumptions behind the jokes are real objections held by many skeptics.

Objection 1 β€” "Why Were There Dinosaurs If the World Was Made for Humans?"​

The Satirical Claim​

The video implies that a world designed for humanity would have no room for creatures like dinosaurs β€” framing their existence as evidence against a purposeful creation narrative.

The Biblical and Scientific Answer​

Scripture is explicit: On Day Six of creation, God made all land animals β€” "livestock and creeping things and beasts of the earth" (Genesis 1:24–25). Dinosaurs, as land-dwelling reptiles, would fall directly within this category. There is no gap or contradiction; they lived in the same created week as Adam and Eve. Notably, Genesis 1:21 records that on Day Five God created the tanninim (Χͺַּנִּינִם) β€” translated "great sea creatures" in most English Bibles, but rendered "dragons" or "great serpents" elsewhere in the Old Testament (Isaiah 27:1; Ezekiel 29:3; Psalm 74:13). The same root word appears throughout the Hebrew scriptures in contexts describing real, large, fearsome creatures β€” not mythological abstractions.

Job 40:15–24 describes the Behemoth in terms that fit no known living creature β€” "its tail sways like a cedar," it drinks "a whole river," its bones are "like beams of bronze." Critically, Job 40:19 identifies it as "the chief of the works of God" β€” the greatest creature He made. Elephants and hippos, the usual secular candidates, have thin whiplike tails and are not remotely the largest animals in creation. The title demands the most massive land animal known. Dreadnoughtus schrani β€” a titanosaur sauropod estimated at over 65 tonnes and 26 meters in length, currently among the largest land animals documented β€” fits both the physical description and the superlative rank. As paleontology continues to unearth titanosaur remains, the candidate pool may only grow. Job is not presented as allegory; God speaks it directly to Job from the whirlwind as a demonstration of His creative power.

The design question itself rests on a false assumption. A world made for humanity does not mean a world stripped of grandeur. The same question could be asked about blue whales, giant sequoias, or the Andromeda galaxy β€” all of which have no direct utility for human survival. Creation displays the glory of God (Psalm 19:1; Romans 1:20), and large, awe-inspiring creatures serve that purpose perfectly.

Objection 2 β€” "The Earth Is Only 6,000 Years Old" (Presented as Self-Evidently Absurd)​

The Satirical Claim​

The video treats the 6,000-year figure as obviously laughable β€” something only someone who has never "really thought about it" could accept.

The Biblical and Scientific Answer​

The biblical basis is solid. The Genesis genealogies in chapters 5 and 11 are structured as chronological records with the ages of fathers at the time of their sons' births. Bishop Ussher's 4004 BC date, while precise, is one calculation in a range that most creation scholars place between roughly 6,000–10,000 years. The text itself does not invite symbolic reading here β€” these are numbered genealogies, not poetry.

The Hebrew word yom (day) in Genesis 1 is used with an ordinal number ("first day," "second day," etc.) and with the phrase "evening and morning." Every other use of yom with a numeral in the entire Old Testament refers to a literal 24-hour day. The burden of proof is on those who argue for a non-literal meaning. Crucially, this is not merely a creationist assertion. James Barr, Regius Professor of Hebrew at the University of Oxford and no friend of young-Earth creationism, wrote in a personal letter (1984): "So far as I know, there is no professor of Hebrew or Old Testament at any world-class university who does not believe that the writer(s) of Gen. 1–11 intended to convey to their readers the ideas that (a) creation took place in a series of six days which were the same as the days of 24 hours we now experience… (b) the figures in Gen. 5 and 11 are intended as a complete chronology from the beginning of the world up to Abraham… (c) Noah's flood was understood to be world-wide." Barr was arguing about authorial intent, not endorsing YEC β€” but his testimony as one of the 20th century's foremost Hebrew linguists is significant.

Scientific evidence supporting a young Earth spans five independent categories. Dr. Don Batten of Creation Ministries International has catalogued 101 such evidences at creation.com/age-of-the-earth. A representative cross-section is given below. Importantly, no scientific method can prove the age of the Earth β€” all age calculations require assumptions about initial conditions, past rates, and whether the "clock" was ever disturbed. The same uniformitarian assumptions used to argue for billions of years can be challenged on empirical grounds.

Biological Evidence​

  • Soft tissue in dinosaur bones: The soft tissue evidence begins earlier than most realise. In 1997 Schweitzer et al. published immunological and spectroscopic evidence of heme compounds and apparent hemoglobin in T. rex trabecular bone (PNAS, 94:6291–6296). In 2005 she published flexible blood vessels, transparent branching structures, and apparent nucleated red blood cells from a second T. rex femur (Science, 307:1952). In 2009 came the definitive confirmation: a Brachylophosaurus canadensis (hadrosaur) leg bone embedded in sandstone yielded collagen, elastin, and laminin, identified by mass spectrometry and independently confirmed by two external labs; eight distinct collagen sequences were found (Science, 324:626). Schweitzer stated: "These data not only build upon what we got from the T. rex, they take the research even further." Biofilm/contamination counter-arguments were tested and refuted β€” a 2009 reanalysis in the Journal of Proteome Research independently confirmed the T. rex proteins. Hundreds of peer-reviewed papers have since confirmed original biomolecular material (collagen, elastin, osteocalcin, histones, cellular structures) across hadrosaurs, mosasaurs, sauropods, and more. Biochemist C. Nielsen-Marsch (The Biochemist, 2002) noted that proteins should degrade thermodynamically in well under 65 million years β€” an observation independent of any creationist framework. The data fit thousands of years straightforwardly.

  • DNA in "ancient" fossils: DNA extracted from bacteria supposedly 425 million years old challenges that date, because DNA cannot survive more than thousands of years under any known conditions.

  • Lazarus bacteria: Bacteria revived from salt inclusions allegedly 250 million years old suggest the salt is nowhere near that age.

  • Amino acid racemization: Fossils "dated" at millions of years old show far less than the 50:50 racemization ratio that would be expected, since complete racemization occurs within thousands of years.

  • Genetic entropy: The decay rate of the human genome due to accumulating slightly harmful mutations is consistent with an origin several thousand years ago (Sanford, Genetic Entropy, 2005). Population genetics modelling confirms genomes are young.

  • Mitochondrial Eve / Y-chromosome Adam: The limited variation in global mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome sequences is consistent with a common origin of all humans several thousand years ago β€” not hundreds of thousands.

  • Oldest living organisms: The ages of the world's oldest living trees (bristlecone pines, ~5,000 years) are consistent with a post-Flood world of several thousand years, not deep time.

  • Living fossils: Hundreds of species β€” jellyfish, coelacanths, Wollemi pines, stromatolites β€” appear identical to their fossil counterparts supposedly hundreds of millions of years old. Stasis on this scale defies the evolutionary expectation of constant change.

Geological Evidence​

  • Helium diffusion in zircon crystals: Uranium decay in zircon crystals produces helium, which diffuses out over time. Crystals supposedly billions of years old retain far more helium than the deep-time model predicts. The RATE project calculated an age of 6,000 Β± 2,000 years from measured diffusion rates (Humphreys et al., 2003).

  • Carbon-14 in "ancient" materials: C-14 has a half-life of ~5,730 years and should be undetectable after roughly 100,000 years. Yet it has been found in coal allegedly 300 million years old, in natural gas allegedly 50 million years old, and in diamonds allegedly billions of years old β€” confirmed by secular labs. This is incompatible with deep time.

  • Bent rock strata without fracturing: At the Kaibab Upwarp (Grand Canyon) and Swiss Alpine synclines, thick sedimentary beds have been folded into sharp curves without cracking β€” proof the rock was still soft and wet when bent, consistent with rapid flood deposition.

  • Pressure in oil and gas wells: If petroleum were millions of years old, pressures would have long since equilibrated through surrounding rock. The high pressures still present indicate recent formation.

  • Ocean salt content: Even assuming zero initial salinity and maximising the time required, the maximum age the ocean's current salt content could indicate is ~62 million years β€” less than 1/50th of the claimed evolutionary age of the oceans, and consistent with a young Earth.

  • Seafloor sediment: At current erosion rates, the present volume of seafloor sediment would accumulate in ~12 million years. Long-age geologists acknowledge past erosion rates were higher, shortening the figure further. The data are consistent with thousands of years since the Flood.

  • Earth's magnetic field decay: The field has been steadily decaying with a measured time constant of ~1,611 years (Humphreys, 2011). Extrapolating back, the field would have been impossibly strong before ~20,000 years ago. This sets an upper limit on the age of the Earth.

  • Stalactite and stalagmite growth rates: Measured growth rates in limestone caves are consistent with formation over thousands of years, not millions.

  • Rapid canyon and island formation: Providence Canyon (Georgia), Burlingame Canyon (Washington), and the canyon system near Mount St. Helens all formed within years to decades. Surtsey Island (Iceland) developed mature geological features within years of its formation in 1963 β€” features that secular geologists expected would take vast ages.

  • Niagara Falls erosion: The rate of gorge erosion at Niagara is consistent with a few thousand years since the biblical Flood, not millions.

  • Absence of recognisable soil layers in the geologic column: If hundreds of millions of years of life had passed, there should be abundant fossil soil horizons. Every candidate "paleosol" investigated lacks the defining characteristics of actual soil, consistent with rapid burial rather than long ages.

  • Short-period comets: Comets with orbital periods under 200 years disintegrate within ~20,000 years. If the solar system were 4.6 billion years old, all would be gone. The ad hoc "Kuiper Belt / Oort Cloud" replenishment mechanism remains unobserved and theoretical.

Radiometric Dating Problems​

  • Incongruent dates by the same and different techniques: The same rock sample routinely yields wildly different "ages" depending on which radiometric method is used, exposing the assumptions behind all such methods.

  • Polonium radiohalos in granite: Polonium-218 has a half-life of 3 minutes. Halos produced by concentrated polonium specks in granite indicate the rock solidified almost instantaneously around already-decaying polonium β€” impossible under slow cooling over billions of years.

  • Squashed radiohalos in coalified wood: Polonium halos in coal from multiple geological "eras" are squashed to the same degree, indicating all the layers formed in a single, rapid depositional event β€” consistent with the Flood.

  • False isochrons: Non-radiogenic isochrons of radioactive and non-radioactive elements are commonplace and undermine the foundational assumption behind isochron dating that produces billions-of-years figures.

Astronomical Evidence​

  • Recession of the Moon: The Moon recedes from the Earth at ~4 cm/year due to tidal friction. Projecting this rate back, the Moon would have been at the catastrophic Roche limit (where tidal forces would have destroyed it) less than a quarter of its supposed evolutionary age ago.

  • Decay of planetary magnetic fields: Russell Humphreys successfully predicted the magnetic field strengths of Uranus and Neptune before the Voyager II flyby β€” using a young-Earth model. The fields of Mercury, Ganymede, Io, and Europa are also far too strong for their alleged ages.

  • Io's volcanism: Jupiter's moon Io has ~80 active volcanoes. At even 10% of its current eruption rate over 4.5 billion years, it would have erupted its entire mass 40 times over. It looks young because it is young.

  • Saturn's rings: Their measured rate of change is inconsistent with billions of years; they are increasingly recognised even by secular astronomers as short-lived.

  • Enceladus (Saturn's moon): Its interior should have frozen solid after ~30 million years, yet it is actively spewing massive jets of water vapour. Tidal friction from Saturn cannot account for the observed heat output.

  • Faint young sun paradox: Stellar evolution theory requires that the early sun was ~25% dimmer. A 16–18Β°C cooler early Earth would have been permanently frozen β€” yet secular geology requires liquid water and life from the beginning. No satisfactory secular resolution exists.

  • Supernova remnants: The number of observable SNRs in our galaxy matches what would be expected if the galaxy is thousands of years old. If it were billions of years old, far more highly expanded remnants should be visible than are found.

Human History​

  • Population growth: Starting from eight people ~4,500 years ago (the biblical Flood), less than 0.5% annual growth produces today's population of ~8 billion. If humanity were 200,000 years old, the population figures are irreconcilable.

  • Recorded history: Writing, agriculture, and the first organised civilisations all appear within the last ~5,000 years β€” simultaneously across multiple cultures. If modern humans existed for 200,000 years, why did everyone wait 195,000 years to start farming and writing?

  • Universal flood legends: Hundreds of independent cultures worldwide preserve legends of a global, catastrophic flood β€” consistent with a single historical event within human memory.

  • Language families: Similarities between languages claimed to be separated by tens of thousands of years (e.g., some Australian Aboriginal languages and languages in south-eastern India) are more consistent with separation a few thousand years ago at Babel than with deep-time linguistic divergence.

The age of the Earth is not settled science presented as fact to gullible people. It is an interpretive framework built on accumulating assumptions, each of which is independently challengeable. The 101 evidences above all converge on the same conclusion β€” and they come from biology, geology, radiometric physics, astronomy, and recorded history simultaneously.

Objection 3 β€” The Fossil Record Cannot Be Explained by a Global Flood​

The Satirical Claim​

The video mocks flood geology, suggesting that the idea of a global flood producing layered strata is something "that makes sense only as long as you don't think about it."

The Biblical and Scientific Answer​

Genesis 7–8 describes a geologically catastrophic, global event. The water covered "all the high mountains under the whole heaven" (Genesis 7:19). The Hebrew phrase kol ha-aretz (all the earth) is used in a universal sense here, reinforced by the death of "all flesh" and the one-year duration. This is not a local flood narrative β€” it is a global judgment.

The geological evidence is consistent with catastrophic deposition, not slow accumulation:

  • Polystrate fossils: Trees fossilized vertically through multiple sedimentary layers β€” some spanning tens of meters β€” cannot have formed slowly. If the layers took millions of years to deposit, the exposed wood would have rotted long before burial was complete. These fossils are found worldwide (Joggins, Nova Scotia; Yellowstone; the Geissel Valley, Germany) and demand rapid burial.

  • Mount St. Helens (1980): The eruption deposited up to 7.6 meters of finely stratified sediment in a single day. Subsequent lahars carved a canyon 1/40th the scale of the Grand Canyon within months. This directly demonstrates that stratified layers and canyon formation are processes of energy and volume, not time. Deep time is not required.

  • Marine fossils on mountaintops: Fossil sea creatures β€” including Nautiloids, clams, and fish β€” are found at elevations over 3,600 meters in the Himalayas, the Alps, and the Rockies. The secular model attributes this to tectonic uplift over millions of years. Flood geology explains it more directly: these creatures were buried under catastrophic oceanic inundation, and the sediment was subsequently compressed and uplifted.

  • Bent rock strata without fracturing: In many locations worldwide (the Kaibab Upwarp at the Grand Canyon, the synclines of the Swiss Alps), thick beds of sedimentary rock have been folded into sharp U-shapes and S-curves without cracking. Rock does not bend β€” it fractures β€” unless it was still soft and wet when the bending occurred. This is consistent with rapid deposition and subsequent deformation before lithification, exactly what a global flood model predicts.

  • The Cambrian Explosion: The sudden appearance in the fossil record of nearly every major animal body plan β€” with no gradual precursors β€” remains one of evolutionary biology's deepest problems. Darwin himself acknowledged it. Secular experts have only reinforced how serious the problem is: Cambridge paleontologist Simon Conway Morris called it "the most important event in the history of metazoan life"; Valentine, Jablonski, and Erwin wrote in Development (1999) that it is "the most famous of all evolutionary puzzles"; and Stephen Meyer's Darwin's Doubt (HarperOne, 2013) provides a rigorous information-theoretic demonstration that no known Darwinian mechanism can generate the new genetic information required to build novel body plans in the available time window. The flood model provides a straightforward explanation: the lowest sedimentary layers contain marine organisms buried first as rising floodwaters overwhelmed ocean floors β€” and that is precisely what the Cambrian strata show: a sharp lower boundary, complex life appearing fully-formed, no credible transitional precursors below.

Flood geology is not a fringe idea invented to protect a reading of Genesis. It is a research program with testable predictions, and many of those predictions are confirmed in the physical record.

Objection 4 β€” Noah Could Not Have Fit Dinosaurs on the Ark​

The Satirical Claim​

The video imagines "travel-size dinosaurs" being loaded onto the Ark and subsequently starving and eating each other β€” presenting the idea as transparently absurd.

The Biblical and Scientific Answer​

Genesis 6:19–20 states that God brought the animals to Noah β€” not that Noah rounded them up. The logistics were divine, not merely human. The same God who later directed the quail migrations (Numbers 11:31) and guided ravens to feed Elijah (1 Kings 17:6) is fully capable of directing animals to a single location.

The Ark's dimensions are not trivial. Genesis 6:15 gives the dimensions as 300 Γ— 50 Γ— 30 cubits. Using the standard 45-cm cubit, this yields approximately 43,200 cubic meters of internal volume β€” equivalent to roughly 522 standard railroad stock cars. Naval engineers at the Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering confirmed that the Ark's proportions produce a vessel with exceptional hydrodynamic stability in open-ocean wave conditions (Hong et al., Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, 8(1):26–36, 1994). John Woodmorappe's Noah's Ark: A Feasibility Study (ICR, 1996) remains the definitive technical treatment, running detailed calculations on food storage, water supply, waste management, ventilation, and animal care across all potential kinds. His conclusion: the Ark's capacity was comfortably sufficient, with animals and food using less than half the available volume.

The "kinds" (Hebrew min) are not equivalent to modern species. Baraminology β€” the study of created kinds β€” estimates approximately 1,400 land-animal kinds needed on the Ark (Wood, T.C., CORE Issues in Creation, 2008), not millions of species. The rapid post-flood diversification of those kinds into today's species is consistent with, and in fact predicted by, observed rates of genetic variation and adaptation. The average land vertebrate is no larger than a small dog.

Regarding dinosaurs specifically:

  • Only land-breathing dinosaurs would need to be on the Ark β€” aquatic and semi-aquatic reptiles would survive outside it.
  • Young animals are smaller, produce less waste, require less food, and are physiologically better suited for a multi-generational survival mission and subsequent population growth. Taking juveniles is not a joke; it is the obvious practical solution, and the text does not specify that the animals had to be adults.
  • Many genera classified as distinct dinosaur "species" are likely the same created kind at different growth stages or with individual variation β€” a documented problem in paleontology (Jack Horner and others have argued that Nanotyrannus, Triceratops juveniles, etc., are likely misclassified T. rex and Torosaurus growth stages).

The mockery assumes the constraints of the problem without engaging the actual data. The Ark was large. The number of required kinds was manageable. God was involved. None of these points are answered by a skit.

Dinosaurs and Humans β€” Did They Coexist?​

The implicit assumption in videos like this is that dinosaurs died out 65 million years before humans appeared, making any biblical connection between the two historically impossible. This assumption deserves scrutiny.

Biblical evidence for co-existence:

  • Job 40–41: Behemoth and Leviathan are described as creatures Job could encounter β€” not mythological or legendary beasts from a distant past. God presents them as part of His current creation.
  • Isaiah 30:6 and Isaiah 27:1 reference tanninim (dragons/great serpents), saraph (fiery flying serpents), and leviathan in ways that treating them as purely symbolic is special pleading. These terms appear in historical and prophetic contexts alongside real geography and real nations.
  • Psalm 74:13–14 and Job 3:8 reference Leviathan as a real creature known to the audience.

Archaeological and historical evidence:

  • The Ta Prohm temple within the Angkor complex (Cambodia, consecrated c. 1186 AD by King Jayavarman VII) contains a stone bas-relief carving among its decorative animal friezes that bears a striking, point-by-point resemblance to a Stegosaurus β€” including dorsal plates along the spine, a small head, stout legs, and a bulky body. The carving appears alongside clearly identifiable real animals: monkeys, deer, parrots, and water buffalo. The surrounding animals are all recognisable living species, establishing that the friezes depict observed creatures, not imaginary ones. Vance Nelson documented and analysed this carving in Dire Dragons (Untold Secrets of Planet Earth Publishing, 2011). A 12th-century Cambodian craftsman had no knowledge of paleontological reconstructions; his only source was observation.
  • Marco Polo's 13th-century account of Yunnan province describes large reptiles with short forelegs and enormous bodies kept in imperial menageries β€” consistent with surviving dinosaur specimens.
  • Herodotus (5th century BC) described winged serpents in Arabia; Josephus mentioned them in the Sinai. These accounts cluster around the same geographic corridor.

The soft tissue evidence from dinosaur bones (see Section 2 above) independently indicates that dinosaurs cannot be 65 million years old. The question of human–dinosaur coexistence is not as closed as the satire assumes.

Key Claims vs. the Evidence​

Satirical ClaimWhat the Evidence Actually Shows
"Earth is 6,000 years old" β€” implied absurdityHelium in zircons, C-14 in coal and diamonds, and soft dinosaur tissue are all consistent with thousands, not billions, of years
Dinosaurs were a "beta release" removed before humansJob 40–41 describes creatures consistent with dinosaurs as contemporaries of Job; Angkor Wat carvings corroborate co-existence
Flood geology "doesn't make sense if you think about it"Polystrate fossils, Mt. St. Helens rapid stratigraphy, marine fossils on mountaintops, and unbent soft-rock folds all favor catastrophic deposition
Baby dinosaurs on the Ark is logistically absurdThe Ark had sufficient volume; God directed the animals; "kinds" are far fewer than species; juveniles are optimal for survival and repopulation

For the Apologist​

  • Don't concede what hasn't been proven. Deep time, dinosaur extinction 65 million years ago, and the impossibility of a global flood are all assumptions, not observations. Ask for the primary evidence, not the consensus.
  • Polystrate fossils are a conversation-stopper. A tree buried vertically through "millions of years" of sediment is a physical impossibility. Use it.
  • The soft tissue argument is devastating and recent. Mary Schweitzer's findings are published in mainstream journals (Science, PLOS ONE). The data are not disputed β€” only the interpretation. Ask your interlocutor to explain how collagen and blood vessels survive 68 million years.
  • Distinguish species from kinds. The "how did all the animals fit?" objection collapses once you clarify what min means. Creation scientists estimate ~1,400 animal kinds would need to be on the Ark.
  • Job 40 is the most powerful Scripture for this conversation. God Himself describes Behemoth directly. The tail-like-a-cedar description eliminates elephants and hippos categorically. Press this point.
  • Do not simply mock the mockery. The goal is truth, not rhetorical victory. Present the evidence with confidence and let it stand.

Sources & References​

Scripture

  • Genesis 1:24–25; 6:15, 19–20; 7:19–23 (creation week, Ark dimensions, global flood)
  • Job 40:15–24; 41:1–34 (Behemoth and Leviathan)
  • Isaiah 27:1; 30:6 (tanninim, flying serpents)
  • Psalm 19:1; Romans 1:20 (creation declaring God's glory)

Creation Science Research

  • Humphreys, D.R., et al. (2003). Helium Diffusion Rates Support Accelerated Nuclear Decay. In: Vardiman, Snelling & Chaffin (eds.), Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, Vol. II. Institute for Creation Research.
  • Humphreys, D.R. (2011). Earth's Magnetic Field Is Decaying Steadily β€” with a Little Rhythm. CRSQ, 47(3), 193–201.
  • Baumgardner, J.R., et al. (2003). Measurable 14C in Fossilized Organic Materials: Confirming the Young Earth Creation-Flood Model. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Creationism, Pittsburgh.
  • Snelling, A.A. (2009). Earth's Catastrophic Past: Geology, Creation and the Flood. (2 vols.) Institute for Creation Research.
  • Austin, S.A. (1994). Grand Canyon: Monument to Catastrophe. Institute for Creation Research.
  • Austin, S.A., and Humphreys, D.R. (1990). The Sea's Missing Salt: A Dilemma for Evolutionists. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Creationism, 2, 17–33.
  • Woodmorappe, J. (1996). Noah's Ark: A Feasibility Study. Institute for Creation Research.
  • Wood, T.C. (2008). Animal and Plant Baramins. CORE Issues in Creation, 3. Center for Origins Research, Bryan College.
  • Hong, S.W., et al. (1994). Safety Investigation of Noah's Ark in a Seaway. Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, 8(1), 26–36.
  • Oard, M.J. (2004). The Frozen Record. Institute for Creation Research.
  • Sanford, J. (2005). Genetic Entropy and the Mystery of the Genome. Ivan Press.
  • Nelson, V. (2011). Dire Dragons. Untold Secrets of Planet Earth Publishing.
  • Batten, D. (ed.). (2009). The Creation Answers Book. Creation Ministries International.
  • Sarfati, J. (2014). The Greatest Hoax on Earth? Refuting Dawkins on Evolution. Creation Book Publishers.
  • Wieland, C. (1994). Stones and Bones. Creation Book Publishers.
  • Thomas, B. (2015). Dinosaurs and the Bible. Institute for Creation Research.

Secular Sources Bearing Directly on the Evidence

  • Schweitzer, M.H., et al. (1997). Heme Compounds in Dinosaur Trabecular Bone. PNAS, 94(12), 6291–6296.
  • Schweitzer, M.H., et al. (2005). Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Science, 307(5717), 1952–1955.
  • Schweitzer, M.H., et al. (2007). Analyses of Soft Tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex Suggest the Presence of Protein. Science, 316(5822), 277–280.
  • Schweitzer, M.H., et al. (2009). Biomolecular Characterization and Protein Sequences of the Campanian Hadrosaur B. canadensis. Science, 324(5927), 626–631.
  • Nielsen-Marsch, C. (2002). Biomolecules in Fossil Remains: Multidisciplinary Approach to Endurance. The Biochemist, June, 12–14.
  • Lacovara, K.J., et al. (2014). A Gigantic, Exceptionally Complete Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from Southern Patagonia, Argentina. Scientific Reports, 4, 6196. [Formal description of Dreadnoughtus schrani.]
  • Valentine, J.W., Jablonski, D., and Erwin, D.H. (1999). Fossils, Molecules and Embryos: New Perspectives on the Cambrian Explosion. Development, 126(5), 851–859.
  • Meyer, S.C. (2013). Darwin's Doubt: The Explosive Origin of Animal Life and the Case for Intelligent Design. HarperOne.
  • Parsons, T.J., et al. (1997). A High Observed Substitution Rate in the Human Mitochondrial DNA Control Region. Nature Genetics, 15, 363–368.
  • Embery, G., et al. (2003). Identification of Proteinaceous Material in the Bone of the Dinosaur Iguanodon. Connective Tissue Research, 44 Suppl 1, 41–46.

Key Online Reference